"Every man that striveth for the mastery is temperate in all things. Now they do it to obtain a corruptible crown; but we an incorruptible."1 CORINTHIANS 9:25 · SAID IN THE CITY OF THE GAMES
Separating the laurel wreath from the crown of glory — the apostate world's cut-foliage honors and the ladders named for them, set against the covenant's living crowns and the five stephanoi that do not fade.
THE LAUREL IS RESTED ON. THE STEPHANOS IS CAST DOWN.
Movement I — The Spine
What survives a hostile reader
Sourced claims only. The games and their botany, the etymologies, the Greek of the texts. Each card cites the register below.
Four games, four crowns — every one of them liturgy.
Wild olive at Olympia, laurel at Delphi, wild celery at Nemea, pine and dry celery at Isthmia. Distinct trees, distinct gods, one property in common: each crown was cut from a sacred tree at an idol's festival — Zeus's olive beside the hecatomb altar, Apollo's laurel at his oracle. Not secular sport with religious trim; idol-patronage worn on the head. This is the apostate world's honor-system, named precisely. The modern flattening of all four into 'laurels' is itself part of this exhibit's subject — the conflation of crowns.
The covenant's crown is living — made by not cutting.
The nezer, consecration-crown of priest and king, root of 'Nazirite': 'the nezer of his God is upon his head' — the Nazirite's uncut hair. The pagan wreath is severed vegetation, dead the instant the golden sickle passes; the covenant crown is uncut, living growth. One crown is made by cutting, the other by not cutting. The wreath dies to be worn; the nezer lives because it is never taken.
Isaiah stated the whole exhibit in one Hebrew word — seven centuries before Peter.
Isaiah 28: woe to Ephraim's crown of pride, 'whose glorious beauty is a fading flower' (tsits nobel) — and in that day the LORD of hosts Himself 'for a crown of glory unto the residue of his people.' Tsits is also the high priest's golden plate, the gold blossom engraved HOLINESS TO THE LORD: one word, two crowns — the gold blossom that cannot wilt, the flower wilting on the drunkard's brow. Isaiah does with tsits what Peter does with amarantinos. The counter-crown doctrine predates Greek contact; Olympia arrived late to a settled question.
When the wreath entered Jerusalem, the historians called it the apostasy.
A gymnasium built in Jerusalem 'according to the customs of the nations'; priests abandoning the altar mid-service for the palaestra under Jason. The wreath-games' training house inside the holy city is the Maccabean image of covenant collapse — the apostasy's visible symptom was the wreath. And the apostates' own creed is on record: 'Let us crown ourselves with rosebuds, before they be withered.' The perishable crown is not a fate that befalls that world; it is that world's stated preference.
Paul said 'perishable crown' to the city that hosted the games.
Corinth ran the Isthmian Games. Paul's readers had stood in the crowd. When he wrote that the athlete is temperate in all things 'to obtain a corruptible crown,' the image in the room was the local one — pine, or celery awarded already dried. His argument is a race-argument: the wreath is not mocked for being small but for being restable-on. So run, that ye may obtain.
The academy wrote the laurel into its own ladder — on purpose.
Baccalaureus is a medieval pun: baccalarius, junior scholar, reshaped to hear bacca lauri — laurel berry — in the degree. Bacchus is not in the word; the laurel deliberately is. From there the ladder ascends: laureate, poet laureate (Petrarch, crowned on the Capitoline in 1341 in a knowing revival of the Roman rite), Nobel laureate — a medal engraved with the laurel tree itself. And the idiom that completes the set, 'resting on one's laurels,' names precisely the posture Paul forbids.
The English Bible already made the laurel the wicked man's tree.
Psalm 37: 'I have seen the wicked in great power, and spreading himself like a green bay tree. Yet he passed away, and, lo, he was not.' The Hebrew names no species — 'a flourishing native tree' — but the 1611 translators chose the bay, the victor's laurel, to picture wicked flourishing. David's psalm and Paul's stadium teach one doctrine: two crowns, two time-horizons; one greens now and withers, one looks dead now and does not. Verse 11 of the psalm is the Beatitude.
The crown of thorns is called a victor's wreath.
The Gospel word is stephanos — the wreath of the games — woven (plexantes) from thorn, the Genesis-curse foliage: 'thorns also and thistles shall it bring forth to thee.' The soldiers made a mock laurel and thereby stated the whole doctrine in a single object: the curse woven into the victory-form, worn once in earnest, exhausted, so that the unfading crown could be given away. Every laurel since is upstaged by it.
Peter's crown answers the wreath by name.
The crown of glory is amarantinos — amaranthine, un-withering — named for the flower the Greeks themselves held as the emblem of immortality against the wilting wreath. Of the whole Greek symbolic garden, Peter picks the one bloom whose name negates what every games-crown does. The same root fades-not-away over the inheritance in 1 Peter 1:4. Deliberate, both times.
Wreaths are given; bands are ruled. And the wreaths get thrown.
Stephanos, the awarded wreath, against diadema, the band of empire. The dragon and the beast wear diadems; Christ wears many; but every crown given to the redeemed is a stephanos — and the elders, holding theirs before the throne, cast them down. The laurel is rested on. The stephanos is thrown at His feet. That is the entire difference between the two economies of glory, in one gesture.
The first false garment in the Bible is foliage.
Eden's judgment falls not on nakedness — the condition — but on the hiding and the sewn fig leaves — the project. God strips the manufacture and gives coats of skins: the first death in Scripture, a covering that cost blood, made without their hands. A wreath is the fig-leaf moved from the waist to the head: foliage worn not as modesty but as glory. Same category, higher altitude.
The canon's warning is not nakedness. It is the wrong garment.
The wedding guest is thrown out clothed — in his own clothes, at the King's feast, and speechless. Laodicea is not poor but blind to being naked, counseled to buy white raiment. The blessing of Revelation 16:15 is on the one who keeps his garments. The counterfeit covering does what bare need cannot: it blinds the wearer to the need. Better found naked in ignorance than robed and wreathed in a foliage of active defiance.
The laurel has a poisoned namesake — and the impostor is the one spreading.
True bay (Laurus nobilis) bears the berry in the degree's name; its oil is soap. The modern hedge 'laurel' is cherry laurel — an unrelated tree whose distilled 'laurel water' was a documented poison — a toxic lookalike wearing the victor's name, and the one now spreading itself through every suburb in the Psalm's exact posture. The counterfeit crown has itself been counterfeited. Footnote-grade, stated straight.
The tribunal's wreath — the best counterfeit in the catalog.
Osiris' court crowned its justified dead: the deceased declared 'true of voice' at the weighing received the Crown of Justification — and in Greco-Roman Egypt, literal wreaths of gilded foliage, olive and laurel, laid on mummies and painted onto their portraits. Tribunal, verdict, crown: the structure of the crown of righteousness, anticipated in counterfeit. The difference carries everything — the Osirian dead justify themselves, reciting their innocence before the scales; the righteous Judge crowns those justified by Another. And the laurel enters the death-cult exactly when the Greek wreath-world merges with Egypt: the two apostate streams converging on a crown for the dead.
Movement III — A Word on Haircuts
The living crown, the cut crown, the kept cap
The practices of the apostolic season taken as an approximation of best practice: short hair is no offense — the marked acts are the extremes. Consecration by not cutting; subjugation, or inverted consecration, by shaving.
Glory and covering meet in one grown object.
A woman's long hair 'is a glory to her: for her hair is given her for a covering' — the exhibit's two doctrines, crown and garment, fused in a single verse and a single living thing: not woven, not achieved, not cut from a sacred tree, but grown and received. And the slowest crown in Scripture completes the set: 'The hoary head is a crown of glory, if it be found in the way of righteousness' — won in a lifetime, valid only if the road was straight. The games-wreath is won in an afternoon and dries by autumn.
To conquer the crowned, cut the crown.
Samson shorn, then blinded, fettered, grinding — the cutting is the conquest. Half-shaved beards start a war; the LORD's own judgment-metaphor is 'a razor that is hired.' The long-haired Merovingian kings held the hair as the sacral mark of the line, and when the dynasty was ended in 751 the last king was not killed but sheared and cloistered: the tonsure was the dethronement. Short hair is no offense — the apostolic season assumes ordinary cuts — but to be shaved is the marked act, in blessing or in wrath: the nezer consecrates by not cutting; the shearing subjugates by cutting all.
The clerical corona — and the cap that outlived it.
The monastic tonsure cut a ring into the scalp and named it the corona, likened in tradition to the crown of thorns: a wreath made of hair's absence, consecration by cutting — the nezer inverted. Fact on the spine; the verdict left fenced. Then the coda: the zucchetto began as a warmer for the tonsured scalp, a bandage for the cut. Paul VI abolished the tonsure in 1972; the cap remains, graded by color to papal white. The warmer outlived the wound — a form kept after its reason was removed, the exhibit's conflation-pattern in miniature, sitting on the crown of the head.
Movement VI — The Register
Sources
1.The four crowns of the circuit games —
O. Broneer, 'The Isthmian Victory Crown,' AJA 66 (1962); standard referencesOlympia crowned with wild olive (kotinos, cut with a golden sickle from the sacred tree); Delphi's Pythian Games with laurel (Apollo's tree); Nemea with wild celery; Isthmia with pine in the archaic period, dry wild celery in the classical era, reverting to pine under the Romans — roughly Paul's own decades. The crowns were distinct and every ancient spectator knew whose was whose. The modern habit of calling them all 'laurels' is a later flattening.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isthmian_Games 2.1 Corinthians 9:24–25 — the perishable wreath, said in Corinth —
Paul, writing c. 53–55 to the city that hosted the Isthmian GamesCorinth administered the Isthmian Games, held every two years a few miles from the city. Paul's readers had watched the crowning. 'Every man that striveth for the mastery is temperate in all things. Now they do it to obtain a corruptible crown (phthartos stephanos); but we an incorruptible (aphthartos).' The image his audience held was likely the withered celery or pine wreath — awarded, in the celery era, already dried. The argument is not that the wreath is worthless but that no one may rest on it: the verb is run.
https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1+Corinthians+9%3A24-25 3.Baccalaureus / bacca lauri — the laurel written into the degree —
OED s.v. 'bachelor', 'baccalaureate'; standard etymological referencesMedieval Latin baccalarius (a junior scholar or squire; ultimate origin obscure) was reshaped in university Latin to baccalaureus by deliberate folk-association with bacca lauri, 'laurel berry.' The god Bacchus is not in the word — but the laurel is, by choice: the academy dressed its graduates as crowned victors. The ladder runs baccalaureate → laureate → poet laureate → Nobel laureate, and the idiom 'resting on one's laurels' names the victor who stops striving and lives off the withering wreath — the exact posture 1 Cor 9 forbids.
https://www.etymonline.com/word/baccalaureate 4.Petrarch crowned with laurel on the Capitoline, 8 April 1341 —
Standard accounts of the coronation; Petrarch's own Collatio LaureationisPetrarch was crowned poet laureate on Rome's Capitoline hill in a ceremony self-consciously reviving the Roman triumphal rite, and gave an oration on the laurel's meaning. The modern laureate line descends from this act of deliberate pagan revival. The Nobel medal for Literature depicts a young man beneath a laurel tree, writing to the song of the Muse.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poet_laureate 5.Psalm 37:35–36 — the green bay tree of the KJV —
Psalm 37; Hebrew text; KJV (1611)'I have seen the wicked in great power, and spreading himself like a green bay tree. Yet he passed away, and, lo, he was not.' The Hebrew is ezrach ra'anan — 'a flourishing native tree,' no species named. The KJV translators reached for the bay — the victor's laurel — to picture the wicked flourishing. In the English Bible the green laurel is therefore already the counterfeit crown: temporal triumph, cut down by the next verse. Psalm 37:11, 'the meek shall inherit the earth,' is the verse the Lord lifts into the Beatitudes — the psalm and Paul teach one doctrine of deferred vindication.
https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Psalm+37%3A35-36&version=KJV 6.Stephanon ex akanthōn — the crown of thorns is a victor's wreath —
Matthew 27:29; John 19:2; Genesis 3:18The Gospels' word for the crown of thorns is stephanos — the wreath of the games — not diadema, the band of kings. The soldiers wove (plexantes) a mock victory-wreath from thorn. Thorns are the Genesis 3 curse upon the ground ('thorns also and thistles shall it bring forth to thee'). The mockery therefore states the doctrine it intends to deride: the curse-foliage woven into the victor's form, worn once in earnest, so the unfading crown could be given away.
https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=John+19%3A2 7.Amarantinos — Peter's unfading crown answers the wreath by name —
1 Peter 5:4; 1 Peter 1:4; Greek usage of amarantos'Ye shall receive a crown of glory that fadeth not away' — ton amarantinon tēs doxēs stephanon: the amaranthine wreath. Amarantos means 'un-withering,' and the amaranth was the Greeks' own emblem of immortality, the flower set against the wilting wreath in their own symbolic garden. Peter selects the one bloom whose name is a negation of what every games-crown does. 1 Peter 1:4 uses the same root for the inheritance 'that fadeth not away.' This is authorial intent, not coincidence.
https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1+Peter+5%3A4 8.Stephanos vs. diadema — two words, two economies —
R. C. Trench, Synonyms of the New Testament §xxiii; Rev 12:3, 13:1, 19:12, 4:10Stephanos is the wreath awarded — for victory, festival, honor. Diadema is the band of imperial rule. In Revelation the dragon wears seven diadems (12:3) and the beast ten (13:1); Christ wears 'many diadems' (19:12) — rule contested and rule true. But every crown given to the redeemed is a stephanos, and the elders' response to holding them is to cast them before the throne (4:10). The laurel is rested on; the stephanos is thrown at His feet.
https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Revelation+4%3A10 9.Genesis 3:7, 21 — the first false garment is foliage —
Genesis 3The judgment scene of Eden does not fall on nakedness as such — nakedness was the condition. It falls on the hiding and the self-made covering: sewn fig leaves, the first human manufacture in Scripture. God strips the project and replaces it with coats of skins — the first death in the Bible, a covering that cost blood, made without their hands. Foliage worn as covering is therefore the Bible's original counterfeit garment; foliage worn as glory — a wreath — is the same project moved from the waist to the head.
https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Genesis+3%3A7%2C21 10.The wrong garment worse than none — the canon's own distinction —
Matthew 22:11–13; Revelation 3:17–18; Revelation 16:15The wedding guest of Matthew 22 is condemned not for absence but for presence in his own clothes at the King's feast — and he is speechless. Laodicea's tragedy is not poverty but blindness to it: 'knowest not that thou art wretched... and naked,' counseled to buy white raiment 'that the shame of thy nakedness do not appear.' Rev 16:15 blesses the one who 'keepeth his garments, lest he walk naked.' The counterfeit covering does what mere nakedness cannot: it blinds the wearer to the need.
https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew+22%3A11-13 11.The Bélibaste laurel 'prophecy' — absent from the record —
Fournier Register (ed. Duvernoy); cf. Le Roy Ladurie, Montaillou; 19th-c. Occitan revival (Peyrat)Guilhem Bélibaste, the last known Cathar perfect, burned at Villerouge-Termenès in 1321, is among the best-documented heretics of the Middle Ages — the inquisition record on him runs to hundreds of pages. The famous prophecy 'Al cap dels sèt cent ans, verdejera lo laurel' ('at the end of seven hundred years the laurel will green again') appears nowhere in it. It surfaces in the 19th-century Occitan romantic revival, the current around Napoléon Peyrat that manufactured much of modern 'Cathar country' lore, and has grown accretions since (the white dove, Magdalene lineages, a 2021 fulfillment). Verdict: folklore retrojected onto 1321. What the sift leaves in the pan: whoever composed it chose an evergreen that must 'green again' — martyrdom language that unknowingly restates Psalm 37's green bay tree, and a laurel that withers on schedule.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guilhem_B%C3%A9libaste 12.Two laurels — the true bay and the poisoned namesake —
Standard botany: Laurus nobilis (Lauraceae) vs. Prunus laurocerasus (Rosaceae)True bay laurel (Laurus nobilis), the crown-tree of Delphi, bears berries pressed for laurel oil — the base of Aleppo soap. The common modern hedge 'laurel' is cherry laurel (Prunus laurocerasus), an unrelated tree of the cherry family whose leaves and kernels carry cyanogenic glycosides; 'laurel water' distilled from it was a documented poison. The victor's tree has been counterfeited by a toxic lookalike wearing its name — and it is the impostor that now spreads itself in every suburb, a green bay tree in the Psalm's exact posture.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prunus_laurocerasus 13.The August 24 catalog — dates as recorded, weight as declared —
Standard chronologies; Pliny the Younger, Ep. 6.16, 6.20 (Vesuvius, traditional date)Alaric's Visigoths breached Rome on 24 August 410 — the laurel city itself, whose honor-system was the wreath. The St. Bartholomew's Day massacre of the Huguenots began 24 August 1572. Bélibaste's burning is given as 24 August 1321 in the legend-package (hold loosely — it travels with the prophecy). Vesuvius's traditional date, from the manuscript tradition of Pliny, is 24 August 79, now contested — archaeological finds (autumn fruits, a dated coin, heavier clothing) favor October. The date-pattern is declared WINK-grade: dates cluster by chance and by legend-writers' hands. It is cataloged because it was noticed, not because it is argued.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eruption_of_Mount_Vesuvius_in_79_AD 14.Daphne — the laurel is a refusal —
Ovid, Metamorphoses I.452–567; the Delphic aitionIn its own founding myth the laurel is Daphne, the woman who fled Apollo and became the tree to escape him — which the god then cut and wore. Every laureate is crowned with a flight; the victor's wreath commemorates, at its root, a refusal of the god who awards it. The Green Man of church carving, by contrast, is predominantly oak, hawthorn, vine and ivy — not laurel — and 'Green Man' itself is a 1939 coinage (Lady Raglan); the motif's ancestry runs through Roman leaf-masks and peopled acanthus-and-laurel scrollwork, but the medieval carvers spoke oak. Set aside accordingly.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daphne 15.Isaiah 28:1–5 — the tsits wordplay: two crowns, one word —
Isaiah 28; Exodus 28:36; standard Hebrew lexica (tsits: blossom / plate)'Woe to the crown of pride, to the drunkards of Ephraim, whose glorious beauty is a fading flower' (tsits nobel) — against verse 5: 'In that day shall the LORD of hosts be for a crown of glory, and for a diadem of beauty, unto the residue of his people.' Tsits is also the word for the high priest's golden plate (Ex 28:36), the gold blossom engraved HOLINESS TO THE LORD. One word, two crowns: the gold tsits that cannot wilt on the consecrated forehead, the flower tsits wilting on the drunkard's. Isaiah does in Hebrew what Peter's amarantinos does in Greek — seven centuries earlier. The counter-crown doctrine predates Greek contact; Olympia was late to a settled question.
https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Isaiah+28%3A1-5 16.The nezer — the living crown of consecration —
Numbers 6:7; Exodus 29:6; 2 Kings 11:12; Hebrew nezer / nazirThe nezer is the consecration-crown of priest and king — and the root of 'Nazirite.' Of the Nazirite, Numbers 6:7: 'the consecration (nezer) of his God is upon his head' — meaning his uncut hair. The contrast with the wreath is total: the pagan crown is severed vegetation, dead the instant the golden sickle cuts it; the covenant crown is uncut, living growth. One crown is made by cutting, the other by not cutting. The wreath dies to be worn; the nezer lives because it is never taken.
https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Numbers+6%3A1-8 17.The crown games were pagan liturgy, not secular sport —
Pausanias V (Olympia; the hecatomb to Zeus); standard treatments of the panhellenic festivalsEvery circuit crown was cut from a sacred tree at a god's festival: Zeus's wild olive at Olympia — where a hecatomb of oxen was sacrificed on the great altar — Apollo's laurel at Delphi, Poseidon's pine at Isthmia. The wreath was idol-patronage worn on the head, a religious object awarded in a religious rite. Paul, writing to converts out of that cultus, takes the idol-festival's own crown as his foil — and Romans 11's wild olive names the nations by Zeus's tree, grafted contrary to nature into the covenant root.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panhellenic_Games 18.The wreath-culture enters Jerusalem — and the historians call it the apostasy —
1 Maccabees 1:14; 2 Maccabees 4:12–15; Wisdom of Solomon 2:8 (deutero-canonical, tiered as testimony)1 Macc 1:14: the covenant-breakers 'built a gymnasium in Jerusalem according to the customs of the nations.' 2 Macc 4: under the Hellenizing high priest Jason, priests abandon the altar mid-service to rush to the palaestra at the discus-signal. The gymnasium — the wreath-games' training house — inside the holy city is the Maccabean literature's very image of covenant collapse. And Wisdom 2:8 records the apostates' creed in their own voice: 'Let us crown ourselves with rosebuds, before they be withered.' The perishable crown is not a tragedy that befalls that world; it is that world's stated preference — the fading crown chosen knowing it fades.
https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1+Maccabees+1%3A11-15&version=NRSVUE 19.Hair as glory and covering — the crown that grows —
1 Corinthians 11:14–15; Proverbs 16:31; 20:29; cf. Numbers 6:7'If a woman have long hair, it is a glory (doxa) to her: for her hair is given her for a covering (peribolaion)' — crown-theology and garment-theology fused in one God-grown object: not woven, not cut, but given. Proverbs 16:31 adds the slowest crown in Scripture: 'The hoary head is a crown of glory, if it be found in the way of righteousness' — grown by time-in-the-way, uncuttable and unfakeable. Honest tension, stated once: 1 Cor 11:14 calls long hair on a man dishonorable, which sits uneasily beside the Nazirite's consecrated uncut hair; the usual resolution reads Paul on ordinary cultural glory and the vow as marked exception. The exhibit keeps both verses in view.
https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1+Corinthians+11%3A14-15 20.Shearing as conquest — Samson, the hired razor, the shorn king, the corona —
Judges 16; 2 Samuel 10:4; Isaiah 7:20; Gregory of Tours (reges criniti); Childeric III, 751; clerical tonsureSamson: the nezer cut, the strength departs, and the next verses are eyes, fetters, and the mill — cutting the crown IS the subjugation. Hanun's half-shaved beards start a war; Isaiah makes shaving the metaphor of judgment itself, the LORD wielding 'a razor that is hired.' The Merovingians — the long-haired kings, reges criniti — held uncut hair as the sacral mark of the royal line: when the Carolingians ended the dynasty in 751 they did not execute Childeric III, they sheared him and cloistered him. The tonsure was the dethronement; the crown was the hair. The monastic tonsure inverts the whole grammar: a ring cut into the scalp, literally named the corona, likened in tradition to the crown of thorns — a wreath made of hair's absence, consecration by cutting, the nezer reversed. Iconographic note: the long-haired Christ the Merovingians echoed is 4th–6th-century image-making (earliest catacomb depictions show short hair); 'Nazarene' is not 'Nazirite,' and the Lord was demonstrably not under the vow. The kings imitated the icon, not the Galilean.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childeric_III 21.The zucchetto — the tonsure-warmer that outlived the tonsure —
Standard histories of clerical dress (pileolus); Paul VI, Ministeria quaedam (1972)The zucchetto (pileolus) originated as a practical cap to warm the tonsured scalp — a bandage for the corona cut into the head. Paul VI abolished the tonsure itself in 1972; the zucchetto remains on clerical heads to this day, graded by color up to papal white. The warmer outlived the wound: a garment whose reason was removed and whose form was kept, which is the exhibit's conflation-pattern in miniature. Framing note for this movement: the practices of the apostolic season are taken as an approximation of best practice — short hair no offense (1 Cor 11:14 assumes ordinary male cuts), but the marked acts are the extremes: consecration by not cutting (nezer), and subjugation or inverted consecration by shaving.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zucchetto 22.The Crown of Justification — Osiris' tribunal awards a wreath to the dead —
Book of the Dead spells 19–20; Greco-Roman funerary practice; Fayum portraits with gilt wreathsLaurel is not an Egyptian cultic plant — Osiris' vegetation is tamarisk, ivy (Diodorus equates him with ivy-crowned Dionysus), and sprouting grain. But the Osiris cult crowned its justified dead: Book of the Dead 19–20 gives the deceased declared maa-kheru — 'true of voice,' vindicated at the tribunal — a crown, and in Greco-Roman Egypt this became literal wreaths, gilded foliage, olive and laurel, placed on mummies and painted on portraits: the Crown of Justification. Tribunal, verdict, crown — the structure of 2 Timothy 4:8 anticipated in counterfeit, with the whole difference in one clause: Osiris crowns the dead who justify themselves by reciting innocence ('I have not...'); the righteous Judge crowns those justified by Another. The laurel reaches Osiris precisely when the Greek wreath-world merges with the Egyptian death-cult. Companion exhibit: Cain and Osiris — the genealogical hypothesis under which this tribunal is the counterfeit field where the refused offering finally works.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fayum_mummy_portraits