~690–692
Composed in Syriac, Sinjar region, under Abd al-Malik's consolidation — the same court then raising the Dome (inscription year 72 AH).
~700s
Translated to Greek within a decade or two; Greek to Latin by Petrus Monachus. Earliest Latin manuscript dated 727 — within ~35 years of composition.
~950
Adso of Montier-en-Der writes the Libellus de Antichristo — a briefing on this script, composed for Queen Gerberga of the West Frankish court. The playbook at court is a dedication page, not an inference.
11th–15th c.
Merges with the Tiburtine Sibyl; drives Second Charlemagne prophecies; 220+ Latin manuscripts survive — a monastic best-seller across Catholic Europe.
1470s–1498
Among the first books ever printed. Multiple incunable editions, crowned by the 1498 Basel printing with Sebastian Brant's woodcuts.
16th–19th c.
Early-modern translations: German, Middle English, French, Castilian, Russian, Czech, Ukrainian, Polish. The Last Emperor doctrine flows into the Great Monarch expectation of Catholic prophecy circles (Holzhauser and heirs).
1898
Sackur's critical Latin edition — for scholars, in Latin, no translation.
1985
Paul Alexander's study translates portions into English. In copyright.
2012
Garstad's Dumbarton Oaks edition — the first full English translation (from Greek and Latin). In copyright, behind a purchase.
2024
Bonura's first English translation of the Syriac original. In copyright, behind a purchase.